Clinical significance of the presence of anti-human leukocyte antigen-donor specific antibody in kidney transplant recipients with allograft dysfunction

BACKGROUND/AIMS This study investigated the clinical significance of detecting anti-human leukocyte antigen-donor specific antibody (HLA-DSA) in kidney transplant recipients (KTRs) requiring indication biopsy owing to allograft dysfunction. METHODS We analyzed the presence of HLA-DSA in 210 KTRs who took indication biopsy. We divided these cases into two groups, HLA-DSA (+) (n = 52) and HLA-DSA (-) (n = 158) group, and compared the clinical characteristics, pathological findings, and clinical outcomes of the two groups. RESULTS The rates of retransplant, pretransplant sensitization, and HLA-mismatch were significantly higher in HLA-DSA (+) group than in HLA-DSA (-) group (p < 0.05 for each comparison). In histologic finding, all types of rejections were more frequent in the former group. Besides, scores of both the T-cell injury markers such as tubulitis, interstitial inf lammation, and vasculitis and antibody-mediated injury markers such as peritubular C4d deposition and microvascular inflammation (glomerulitis plus peritubular capillaritis) were higher in HLA-DSA (+) group (p < 0.05 for each). Notably, allograft outcomes were worse in HLA-DSA (+) group. Further, multivariate analysis showed that presence of HLA-DSA, advanced interstitial fibrosis/tubular atrophy (interstitial fibrosis plus tubular atrophy ≥ 2), and allograft rejection in biopsy were independent risk factors for allograft failure. CONCLUSIONS The results of this study showed that presence of HLA-DSA in a case of allograft dysfunction adversely influences allograft outcome, and its detection, irrespective of the result of the allograft biopsy, necessitates intensive monitoring and treatment.